Delegates

A delegate is a type that references a method. Once a delegate is assigned a method, it behaves exactly like that method. The delegate method can be used like any other method, with parameters and a return value, as in this example:

public delegate int PerformCalculation(int x, int y);

Any method that matches the delegate's signature, which consists of the return type and parameters, can be assigned to the delegate. This makes is possible to programmatically change method calls, and also plug new code into existing classes. As long as you know the delegate's signature, you can assign your own delegated method.

This ability to refer to a method as a parameter makes delegates ideal for defining callback methods. For example, a sort algorithm could be passed a reference to the method that compares two objects. Separating the comparison code allows the algorithm to be written in a more general way.

Delegates Overview

Delegates have the following properties:

• Delegates are similar to C++ function pointers, but are type safe.
• Delegates allow methods to be passed as parameters.
• Delegates can be used to define callback methods.
• Delegates can be chained together; for example, multiple methods can be called on a single event.
• Methods don't need to match the delegate signature exactly. For more information, see Covariance and Contravariance
• C# version 2.0 introduces the concept of Anonymous Methods, which permit code blocks to be passed as parameters in place of a separately defined method.

The following example declares a delegate named Del that can encapsulate a method that takes a string as an argument and returns void:

public delegate void Del(string message);

A delegate object is normally constructed by providing the name of the method the delegate will wrap, or with an anonymous Method. Once a delegate is instantiated, a method call made to the delegate will be passed by the delegate to that method. The parameters passed to the delegate by the caller are passed to the method, and the return value, if any, from the method is returned to the caller by the delegate. This is known as invoking the delegate. An instantiated delegate can be invoked as if it were the wrapped method itself. For example:

// Create a method for a delegate.

public static void DelegateMethod(string message)

{

    System.Console.WriteLine(message);

}

// Instantiate the delegate.

Del handler = DelegateMethod;

// Call the delegate.

handler("Hello World");

Delegate types are derived from the Delegate class in the .NET Framework. Delegate types are sealed—they cannot be derived from— and it is not possible to derive custom classes from Delegate. Because the instantiated delegate is an object, it can be passed as a parameter, or assigned to a property. This allows a method to accept a delegate as a parameter, and call the delegate at some later time. This is known as an asynchronous callback, and is a common method of notifying a caller when a long process has completed. When a delegate is used in this fashion, the code using the delegate does not need any knowledge of the implementation of the method being used. The functionality is similar to the encapsulation interfaces provide. For more information, see When to Use Delegates Instead of Interfaces.

Another common use of callbacks is defining a custom comparison method and passing that delegate to a sort method. It allows the caller's code to become part of the sort algorithm. The following example method uses the Del type as a parameter:

public void MethodWithCallback(int param1, int param2, Del callback)

{

    callback("The number is: " + (param1 + param2).ToString());

}

You can then pass the delegate created above to that method:

MethodWithCallback(1, 2, handler);

and receive the following output to the console:

The number is: 3

Using the delegate as an abstraction, MethodWithCallback does not need to call the console directly—it does not have to be designed with a console in mind. What MethodWithCallback does is simply prepare a string and pass the string to another method. This is especially powerful since a delegated method can use any number of parameters.

When a delegate is constructed to wrap an instance method, the delegate references both the instance and the method. A delegate has no knowledge of the instance type aside from the method it wraps, so a delegate can refer to any type of object as long as there is a method on that object that matches the delegate signature. When a delegate is constructed to wrap a static method, it only references the method. Consider the following declarations:

public class MethodClass

{

    public void Method1(string message) { }

    public void Method2(string message) { }

}

Along with the static DelegateMethod shown previously, we now have three methods that can be wrapped by a Del instance.

A delegate can call more than one method when invoked. This is referred to as multicasting. To add an extra method to the delegate's list of methods—the invocation list—simply requires adding two delegates using the addition or addition assignment operators ('+' or '+='). For example:

MethodClass obj = new MethodClass();

Del d1 = obj.Method1;

Del d2 = obj.Method2;

Del d3 = DelegateMethod;

//Both types of assignment are valid.

Del allMethodsDelegate = d1 + d2;

allMethodsDelegate += d3;

At this point allMethodsDelegate contains three methods in its invocation list—Method1, Method2, and DelegateMethod. The original three delegates, d1, d2, and d3, remain unchanged. When allMethodsDelegate is invoked, all three methods are called in order. If the delegate uses reference parameters, the reference is passed sequentially to each of the three methods in turn, and any changes by one method are visible to the next method. When any of the methods throws an exception that is not caught within the method, that exception is passed to the caller of the delegate and no subsequent methods in the invocation list are called. If the delegate has a return value and/or out parameters, it returns the return value and parameters of the last method invoked. To remove a method from the invocation list, use the decrement or decrement assignment operator ('-' or '-='). For example:

Comparing delegates of two different types assigned at compile-time will result in a compilation error. If the delegate instances are statically of the type System.Delegate, then the comparison is allowed, but will return false at run time. For example:

//remove Method1

allMethodsDelegate -= d1;

// copy AllMethodsDelegate while removing d2

Del oneMethodDelegate = allMethodsDelegate - d2;

Because delegate types are derived from System.Delegate, the methods and properties defined by that class can be called on the delegate. For example, to find the number of methods in a delegate's invocation list, you may write:

int invocationCount = d1.GetInvocationList().GetLength(0);

Delegates with more than one method in their invocation list derive from MulticastDelegate, which is a subclass of System.Delegate. The above code works in either case because both classes support GetInvocationList.

Multicast delegates are used extensively in event handling. Event source objects send event notifications to recipient objects that have registered to receive that event. To register for an event, the recipient creates a method designed to handle the event, then creates a delegate for that method and passes the delegate to the event source. The source calls the delegate when the event occurs. The delegate then calls the event handling method on the recipient, delivering the event data. The delegate type for a given event is defined by the event source.

Comparing delegates of two different types assigned at compile-time will result in a compilation error. If the delegate instances are statically of the type System.Delegate, then the comparison is allowed, but will return false at run time. For example:

delegate void Delegate1();

delegate void Delegate2();

static void method(Delegate1 d, Delegate2 e, System.Delegate f)

{

    // Compile-time error.

    //Console.WriteLine(d == e);

    // OK at compile-time. False if the run-time type of f

    //is not the same as that of d.

    System.Console.WriteLine(d == f);

}

// Declare a delegate

delegate void Del(int i, double j);

class MathClass

{

    static void Main()

    {

        MathClass m = new MathClass();

        // Delegate instantiation using "MultiplyNumbers"

        Del d = m.MultiplyNumbers;

        // Invoke the delegate object.

        System.Console.WriteLine("Invoking the delegate using 'MultiplyNumbers':");

        for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)

        {

            d(i, 2);

        }

    }

    // Declare the associated method.

    void MultiplyNumbers(int m, double n)

    {

        System.Console.Write(m * n + " ");

    }

}

Output

Invoking the delegate using 'MultiplyNumbers':

2 4 6 8 10

Example 2

In the following example, one delegate is mapped to both static and instance methods and returns specific information from each.

// Declare a delegate

delegate void Del();

class SampleClass

{

    public void InstanceMethod()

    {

        System.Console.WriteLine("A message from the instance method.");

    }

    static public void StaticMethod()

    {

        System.Console.WriteLine("A message from the static method.");

    }

}

class TestSampleClass

{

    static void Main()

    {

        SampleClass sc = new SampleClass();

        // Map the delegate to the instance method:

        Del d = sc.InstanceMethod;

        d();

        // Map to the static method:

        d = SampleClass.StaticMethod;

        d();

    }

}

Output

A message from the instance method.

A message from the static method.